Category: Physics Dictionary

Spel på casinon har blivit en populär aktivitet för många svenskar, särskilt med tillgången till utländska plattformar som erbjuder attraktiva bonusar och spelalternativ. Men när det kommer till vinster från dessa casinon är det viktigt att förstå de lagliga och skattemässiga aspekterna som påverkar spelarna. Många kanske inte inser att dessa vinster kan omfattas av specifika regler beroende på casinolicenser och EU-regler.

En av de centrala frågorna är hur vinster från utländska casinon beskattas. I Sverige har vi strikta lagar som styr hur och när skatter ska betalas. Det är avgörande för spelare att vara medvetna om de specifika reglerna som gäller för det casino de väljer att spela på, särskilt när det handlar om licensiering och vilka avgifter som kan tillkomma.

Genom att sätta sig in i dessa frågor kan spelare göra mer informerade beslut och få en bättre förståelse för sina rättigheter och skyldigheter. Det kan också bidra till en mer ansvarsfull spelupplevelse, där både glädje och medvetenhet om skatteplikten går hand i hand.

Skattestatus för vinster från utländska spelbolag

Vid spelande hos utländska casinon är skattestatusen för vinster en viktig aspekt att beakta. Enligt aktuella eu-regler kan spelare i Sverige behöva betala vinstskatt för sina vinster, beroende på vilket spelbolag de väljer att spela på. Det är avgörande att vara medveten om att inte alla utländska casinon har samma regler kring beskattning.

Utländska spelbolag som har erhållit licens i sina respektive länder kan erbjuda spel utan att spelarna behöver betala skatt på sina vinster i Sverige. För att maximera fördelarna är det rekommenderat att spela hos casinon som har giltiga casinolicenser och är föremål för strikta regler i sina hemländer.

Om spelare väljer att spela på casinon utan giltiga licenser kan skattemyndigheterna i Sverige kräva att de betalar vinstskatt. Skattesatsen ligger för närvarande på 30% av vinsterna. Det är därför viktigt att vara medveten om casinots licensstatus för att undvika eventuella skatteproblem i framtiden.

Hur deklarerar man vinster från casinon utanför Sverige?

Att deklarera vinster från utländska casinon kräver en medvetenhet om vad som gäller i Sverige. Det är viktigt att följa rätt procedure för att undvika eventuella problem med skattemyndigheterna.

För vinster som erhålls från casinon som har licenser utanför Sverige gäller olika regler. Här är några steg att tänka på:

• Dokumentation: Spara alla kvitton och bevis på dina vinster. Detta inkluderar bankutdrag samt kontoutdrag från casinot.
• Redovisa vinster: Vinster från utländska casinon ska redovisas i din svenska deklaration. Det är nödvändigt att rapportera de belopp du har vunnit.
• Vinstskatt: Kontrollera hur mycket skatt du ska betala. Även om vissa vinster kan vara skattefria beroende på casinolicenser, måste du ändå rapportera dem.
• EU-regler: Utländska casinon inom EU kan ha specifika regler som påverkar skattesituationen. Informera dig om dessa för att säkerställa att du handlar korrekt.

Att förstå och följa korrekt skattelagstiftning kan göra stor skillnad. För mer information om de bästa utländska casinon och deras regler, se till att undersöka online-resurser och rådgöra med experter om det behövs.

Skillnader mellan licensierade och olicensierade casinon

Licensierade casinon är reglerade av myndigheter och följer specifika eu-regler som säkerställer rättvisa spel och skydd för spelare. Dessa casinon måste ofta rapportera vinster till skattemyndigheterna, vilket innebär att spelare tydligt kan se hur vinstskatt hanteras. Licensieringen skapar en tryggare spelmiljö där spelarna kan lita på att deras rättigheter skyddas.

Å andra sidan, olicensierade casinon erbjuder ofta sina tjänster utan att följa samma juridik och regler som deras licensierade motsvarigheter. Detta kan leda till brist på säkerhet och transparens, vilket gör det svårare för spelare att veta hur vinster hanteras. Spelare som vinner pengar på olicensierade plattformar kan också stå utan skydd om problem uppstår, inklusive frågor kring vinstskatt.

Vid val av casino är det viktigt att beakta dessa skillnader. Även om olicensierade casinon kan verka lockande på grund av attraktiva bonusar och större utbud av spel, ökar riskerna för spelare avsevärt. Genom att välja ett licensierat casino kan spelare skydda sina intressen och få en mer pålitlig spelupplevelse.

Vanliga misstag vid skatt på vinster från casinon

Att hantera vinstskatt från utlänska casinon kan vara en utmaning, och många gör vanliga misstag som kan leda till problem. Nedan följer några av de mest förekommande misstagen.

För att undvika dessa misstag är det viktigt att konsekvent hålla sig informerad om gällande regler och riktlinjer för skatt på vinster från casinon.

Frågor och svar:

Vad gäller skatter på vinster från utländska casinon?

I Sverige måste spelare betala skatt på vinster från utländska casinon, eftersom dessa vinster inte är skattefria som vinster från svenska casinon. Enligt svensk lag ska spelare skatta 30% på sina vinster från spel som inte är licensierade i Sverige. Detta innebär att spelare ansvarar för att redovisa sina vinster och betala skatten själv.

Hur deklarerar man vinster från utländska casinon?

För att deklarera vinster från utländska casinon måste du först sammanställa information om dina vinster under året. Det kan inkludera spelhistorik och belopp. Vid deklarationen anger du vinsterna under särskilda uppgifter och räknar ut den skatt som ska betalas, vilket är 30% av den totala vinsten. Det är viktigt att spara dokumentation som kan bekräfta dina speltransaktioner i fall av granskning.

Vad händer om man inte betalar skatt på vinster från utländska casinon?

Om en spelare inte betalar skatt på sina vinster från utländska casinon kan hen bli föremål för en skatterevision av Skatteverket. Det kan leda till krav på att betala skatt retroaktivt, samt eventuella straffavgifter. Det är därför viktigt att korrekt rapportera sina vinster för att undvika sådana komplikationer.

Kostar det något att spela på utländska casinon?

Det kan finnas kostnader förknippade med att spela på utländska casinon, som valutaväxlingsavgifter om du spelar i en annan valuta, samt eventuella transaktionsavgifter som casinot kan ta ut. Dessutom kan det finnas risker kopplade till spelandet, såsom att förlora pengar. Det är viktigt att alltid spela ansvarsfullt och vara medveten om kostnaderna.

La conjugaison des verbes en français peut sembler complexe au premier abord. Les groupes de verbes, répartis en trois catégories principales, présentent des particularités qui nécessitent une attention particulière. Chaque groupe suit des règles d’utilisation spécifiques qui dictent leur transformation selon le temps et le mode.

Pour maîtriser cette compétence linguistique, il est essentiel de comprendre ces règles et de les appliquer régulièrement. La pratique régulière permet non seulement de mémoriser les conjugaisons, mais aussi de développer un sens intuitif de la langue. En apprenant à identifier les irrégularités et les exceptions, chaque étudiant peut progresser vers une utilisation plus fluide des verbes. La conjugaison n’est pas qu’une simple mécanique, mais un véritable atout pour s’exprimer avec clarté et précision.

Les temps verbaux essentiels à maîtriser

Dans l’apprentissage de la conjugaison française, il est fondamental de se concentrer sur certains temps verbaux qui apparaissent fréquemment dans la langue. D’abord, le présent de l’indicatif est utilisé pour exprimer des actions courantes et des vérités générales. Par exemple, « Je mange » signifie une action habituelle.

Ensuite, le passé composé permet de parler des actions achevées. Par exemple, « J’ai mangé » indique que l’action est terminée et a une importance dans le présent. C’est un temps très répandu dans la conversation quotidienne.

Le imparfait, quant à lui, décrit des actions passées en cours ou des habitudes. Par exemple, « Je mangeais » évoque une action répétée ou un cadre dans le passé. L’utilisation de l’imparfait est souvent complémentaire à d’autres temps pour enrichir les récits.

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Le futur simple est essentiel pour exprimer des actions à venir. Par exemple, « Je mangerai » indique que l’action se déroulera ultérieurement. Ce temps est également très utilisé dans les promesses ou les projets.

Enfin, le conditionnel est important pour exprimer des situations hypothétiques ou des souhaits. Par exemple, « Je mangerais » suppose une condition préalable. Ce temps est très courant dans les formulations polies ou les suggestions.

La maîtrise de ces temps verbaux est primordiale pour atteindre une bonne compréhension et expression en français, facilitant ainsi les interactions dans la langue.

Stratégies pour éviter les erreurs courantes

Pour maîtriser la conjugaison des verbes en français, il est crucial d’appliquer certaines règles d’utilisation. Par exemple, il est indispensable de bien distinguer les trois groupes de verbes : les verbes du 1er groupe (terminaison en -er), du 2e groupe (terminaison en -ir) et du 3e groupe (verbes irréguliers). Chacun de ces groupes possède ses propres particularités de conjugaison qu’il convient d’assimiler pour faire moins d’erreurs.

Une autre stratégie consiste à réaliser des exercices de pratique régulièrement. Ces exercices permettent non seulement de renforcer la mémoire des conjugaisons, mais aussi d’identifier des schémas ou des exceptions dans chaque groupe de verbes. Il existe de nombreuses ressources en ligne dédiées à la conjugaison, offrant des quiz et des activités interactives.

Enfin, il est bénéfique de créer des supports visuels, tels que des tableaux de conjugaison, pour visualiser la structure des verbes. En associant les formes verbales à des exemples concrets, vous renforcez votre compréhension. Pour aller plus loin, consultez cet article sur les exercices interactifs de conjugaison, qui propose des méthodes ludiques pour perfectionner vos compétences verbales.

Outils pratiques pour s’exercer à la conjugaison

Pour maîtriser les temps verbaux en français, il est important d’utiliser divers outils qui permettent de pratiquer de manière régulière et efficace. Voici quelques suggestions :

1. Applications mobiles

Des applications comme Duolingo, Babbel ou Conjugaison offrent des exercices interactifs pour pratiquer les groupes de verbes et renforcer la compréhension de la conjugaison.

2. Sites web éducatifs

Des plateformes comme Bonjour de France ou Conjugaison.fr proposent des exercices de pratique gratuits. Ces sites permettent de s’exercer à différents niveaux de difficulté et abordent divers temps verbaux.

3. Livres d’exercices

Investir dans des livres spécialisés en conjugaison peut s’avérer bénéfique. Ils contiennent souvent des exercices de pratique variés avec des réponses pour vérifier ses connaissances.

4. Groupes d’études

Participer à des groupes d’étude ou des échanges linguistiques permet de pratiquer la conjugaison oralement. Cela facilite la maîtrise des temps verbaux à travers des conversations authentiques.

5. Fiches de révision

Créer des fiches de révision sur les conjugaisons des verbes permet d’avoir un outil visuel et portable. Consignez les règles et exemples pour chaque groupe de verbes, ce qui aide à mémoriser.

Cette variété d’outils contribue à rendre l’apprentissage de la conjugaison non seulement accessible mais également plus engageant.

Zeeman effect: The effect of splitting a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field by the lifting of degeneracy in electronic states.

Young’s modulus: A measure of the stiffness of a solid material which defines the relationship between mechanical stress and strain.

X-ray: A high-energy photon (between 100 eV and 100 keV) with a wavelength shorter than that of ultraviolet radiation and longer than that of gamma radiation.

wind : The flow of gases on a large scale.

white body : A hypothetical idealized physical body that reflects all incident electromagnetic radiation completely and uniformly in all directions; the opposite of a black body.

wheel and axle : A wheel attached to an axle in such a way that the two parts rotate together and transfer forces between them; one of six classical simple machines.

wedge: A triangular round tool in the form of a compound and portable inclined plane; one of six classical simple machines.

weak interaction: Also called the weak force or weak nuclear force.

One of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with the strong nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravitation. It is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic particles and initiates the process known as hydrogen fusion in stars.

wavelength : A measure of the distance traversed by a single spatial period of a sinusoidal wave, i.e. the distance over which the wave’s shape repeats.

wave: A disturbance or oscillation that travels through spacetime accompanied by a transfer of energy.

watt (W): A derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI) defined as one joule per second. The watt measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.

voltmeter: An instrument used for measuring the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit.

volt (V): The SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force, defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those two points.

visible light : A form of electromagnetic radiation generally defined as the range of wavelengths visible to the average human eye.

velocity ( v ) : A vector quantity defined as the rate of change of the position of an object with respect to a given frame of reference. Velocity specifies both an object’s speed and direction of motion (e.g. 60 kilometres per hour to the north).

vector space : A mathematical structure formed by a collection of elements called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied (“scaled”) by numbers called scalars.

vector : Any quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

valence shell: The outermost electron shell of an atom.

valence electron : An electron that is associated with an atom and can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.

vacuum : An area of space which contains no matter.

utility frequency : The frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.

uncertainty principle : Any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position x and momentum p, cannot be known simultaneously.

triple point : The temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of a given substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

trigonometry : A branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides.

toughness : The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Material toughness is defined as the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed.

torque: Also called moment or moment of force.

The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object.

thermometer : An instrument used to measure temperature.

thermal equilibrium : A state in which there is no net flow of thermal energy between two physical systems when the systems are connected by a path permeable to heat. A system may also be said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatially and temporally uniform. Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are always in thermal equilibrium, but the converse is not always true.

theoretical physics : A branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems in order to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena, as opposed to experimental physics, which relies on data generated by experimental observations.

temperature : A physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold.

superconductor : A phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

sublimation : The physical process by which matter is transformed directly from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. Sublimation is an endothermic phase transition that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance’s triple point in its phase diagram.

subatomic particle : Any particle that is smaller than an atom.

stress : 1.  An applied force or system of forces that tends to strain or deform a physical body.2.  A measure of the internal forces acting within a deformable body.3.  A quantitative measure of the average force per unit area of a surface within a body on which internal forces act.

strain : The transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration. A configuration is a set containing the positions of all particles of the body.

stiffness : The rigidity of an object, i.e. the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force.

Standard Model : The theory of particle physics which describes three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force, but not the gravitational force) and classifies all known elementary particles.

stable nuclide : Any nuclide that is not radioactive and does not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay, as opposed to a radionuclide. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes.

stable isotope ratio : The relative abundances of the atomically stable isotopes of a given element as they occur in nature or in a particular experimental context.

speed of light ( c )A fundamental universal physical constant defined as exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact because the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time. When not otherwise qualified, the term “speed of light” usually refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, as opposed to the speed of light through some physical medium.

solubility : The tendency of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (called a solute) to dissolve in another solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (called a solvent) to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a solute fundamentally depends on the specific solvent as well as on temperature and pressure.

siphon : A tube in an inverted U shape that causes a liquid to flow uphill without pumps, powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity. The term may also more generally refer to a wide variety of devices involving the flow of liquids through tubes.

siphon : A tube in an inverted U shape that causes a liquid to flow uphill without pumps, powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity. The term may also more generally refer to a wide variety of devices involving the flow of liquids through tubes.

simple machine : A mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, a set of six classical simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists drawing from Greek texts on technology are collectively defined as the simplest mechanisms that can provide mechanical advantage (also called leverage).

Schrödinger equation : A mathematical equation which describes the time evolution of wave functions in quantum mechanics.

shortwave radiation (SW) : Radiant energy of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths in the visible, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared spectra, the broadest definition of which includes all radiation with a wavelength between 0.1 μm and 5.0 μm.

screw : A mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force; one of six classical simple machines.

science : A systematic enterprise that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

scattering : The general physical process by which some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localised non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass.

scalar : Any simple physical quantity that can be described by a single number (as opposed to vectors, tensors, etc., which are described by several numbers such as magnitude and direction) and is unchanged by coordinate system rotations or translations (in Newtonian mechanics) or by Lorentz transformations or central-time translations (in relativity).

Rydberg formula : A formula used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements.

rotational speed: Also called speed of revolution.

The number of complete rotations or revolutions a rotating body makes per unit time.

rotational energy: Also called angular kinetic energy.

The kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object, which forms part of its total kinetic energy.

rigid body : An idealization of a solid body in which deformation is neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of the external forces exerted on it. Even though such an object cannot physically exist due to relativity, objects can normally be assumed to be perfectly rigid if they are not moving near the speed of light.

refraction : The change in direction of a wave as it passes from one transmission medium to another or as a result of a gradual change in the medium. Though most commonly used in the context of refraction of light, other waves such as sound waves and fluid waves also experience refraction.

redshift : A phenomenon which occurs when light seen coming from an object that is moving away from the observer is proportionally increased in wavelength or “shifted” to the red end of the visible light spectrum.

radionuclide: Also called a radioactive nuclide, radioisotope, or radioactive isotope.

Any nuclide possessing excess nuclear energy to the point that it is unstable. Such excess energy is emitted through any of several processes of radioactive decay, resulting in a stable nuclide or sometimes another unstable radionuclide which can then undergo further decay. Certain radionuclides occur naturally; many others can be produced artificially in nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, particle accelerators, or radionuclide generators.

quark : An elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei.

quantum mechanics : A branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic and subatomic length scales, and provides a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter that occur at this scale.

quantum field theory : A theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.

quantum electrodynamics (QED) : The relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

pulley : A wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt along its circumference; one of six classical simple machines. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and transmit power.

probability : A measure of the expectation that an event will occur or that a statement is true. Probabilities are given a value between 0 (will not occur) and 1 (will occur). The higher the probability of an event, the more certain one can be that the event will occur.

pressure : The ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.

pneumatics : The study and control of mechanical force and movement generated by the application of compressed gas.

Planck constant ( h ): Also called Planck’s constant.

A fundamental universal physical constant that is the quantum of action in quantum mechanics.

physical chemistry :The study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics.

photon : An elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.

periodic table of the elements: Also simply called the periodic table.

A tabular display of the chemical elements organised on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons).

Pascal’s law : A principle in fluid mechanics which states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the initial pressure variations remain the same.

particle physics : A branch of physics that studies the nature of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter and radiation.

parity : 1.  (mathematics)2.  (physics)

optics : The branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light; however, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.

optically detected magnetic resonance : An optical technique for the initialisation and readout of quantum spin in some crystal defects.

optical tweezers : An optomechanical device used for the capture, analysis, and manipulation of dielectric objects or particles, which operates via the application of force by the electric field of light.

Ohm’s law : The electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points.

Ohm : The SI derived unit of electrical resistance.

nuclide: Also spelled nucleide.

An atomic species characterized by the specific composition of its nucleus, i.e. by its number of protons, its number of neutrons, and its nuclear energy state.

nanoengineering : The practice of engineering on the nanoscale. Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but emphasizes the applied rather the field.

nucleon : Either a proton or a neutron in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.

nuclear physics : The branch of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei.

Newton’s laws of motion : A set of three physical laws which describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces. Together they form the basis for classical or Newtonian mechanics.

neutrino : A type of electrically neutral subatomic particle denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu). All evidence suggests that neutrinos have mass but that their mass is tiny even by the standards of subatomic particles. Their mass has never been measured accurately.

nanotechnology: Also abbreviated as nanotech.

The manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale; a more generalized description by the National Nanotechnology Initiative is “the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers”.

muon : An elementary particle, technically classified as a lepton, that is similar to the electron, with unitary negative electric charge (−1) and a spin of 1⁄2. Muons are not believed to have any sub-structure.

motion : Any change in the position of an object over time. Motion can be mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, speed, acceleration, and momentum, and is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and measuring the change in an object’s position relative to that frame. An object’s motion cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force.

moment of inertia: A property of a distribution of mass in space that measures its resistance to rotational acceleration about an axis.

molecular physics : A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of molecules and the chemical bonds between atoms as well as their molecular dynamics. It is closely related to atomic physics and overlaps greatly with theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics.

molecule : An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by having a net electric charge equal to zero.

molar mass : A physical property of matter defined as the mass of a given substance divided by the amount of substance and expressed in grams per mole.

modulus of elasticity : The mathematical description of an object’s or substance’s tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region. As such, a stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus.

meson : A type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of one quark and one antiquark bound together by the strong interaction. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few hundredths of a microsecond.

melting: Also called fusion.

A physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

mechanics : The branch of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.

measure of central tendency : A term which relates to the way in which quantitative data tend to cluster around some value. A measure of central tendency is any of a number of ways of specifying this “central value”.

Maxwell’s equations : A set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits. Maxwell’s equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.

matter : Any substance (often a particle) that has rest mass and (usually) also volume.