ទុក្ខ—
មានន័យថា (មើលក្នុងពាក្យ ទុក្ខ )។
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ACCA, MBA, Tax Agent ជាអ្នកនិពន្ធហើយអាចប្រលងជាប់៖ ACCA រហូត ៤ មុខវិជ្ជាក្នុងពេលតែម្តង, Tax Agent ពិន្ទុខ្ពស់, MBA & BBA ជាប់ជាសិស្សពូកែ និងមានបទពិសោធការងារជាង ១៥ ឆ្នាំ ព្រមទាំងអ្នកនិពន្ធផ្សេងៗ ?ទិញឯកសារហើយ អានមិនយល់អាចសួរបាន
Cold frame : An enclosure with a transparent roof, built low to the ground, that is designed to protect juvenile plants and small gardens from excessively cold or wet weather. Cold frames are used to extend the growing season by acting as miniature greenhouses.
Co-op : See agricultural cooperative.
Chillcuring, Citriculture : The cultivation of citrus fruit trees.
Chemigation :
The practice of delivering any natural or synthetic chemical compound or mixture of compounds (such as fertilizers, pesticides, soil amendments, etc.) to crop plants via the water supply used for irrigation.[2]
Cereal : Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. The term may also refer to the resulting grain itself (the “cereal grain”). Compare pseudocereal.
Catch crop : Any fast-growing crop that is grown between successive plantings of a primary crop on the same land. Its practice, known as catch cropping, is a type of succession planting.
Cash crop :
Any crop that is grown so that it can be marketed and sold for profit, as opposed to a subsistence crop, which is grown for the producer’s own use. While historically cash crops have often been only a small part of a farm’s total yield, almost all modern crops in developed nations are grown primarily for revenue.
Bumper crop : Any crop that yields an unusually large or productive harvest.
Browsing : A type of herbivory in which the herbivore feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of relatively tall, woody plants such as shrubs and trees, as opposed to grazing, which involves feeding on grasses and other low-lying vegetation. Browsing may also refer to feeding on any non-grasses, including both woody and herbaceous dicots.
Broadcast seeding : A method of seeding that involves scattering seed over a relatively large and imprecise area, either by hand or mechanically, as opposed to precision seeding and hydroseeding. Broadcast seeding is easier and faster than seeding in rows but usually requires more seed and may result in overcrowded and uneven distributions of plant cover. It is generally reserved for plants that do not have strict spacing or depth requirements or that are easily thinned after germination.
Broadacre : An expansive parcel of land suitable for farms practicing large-scale crop production. The term is used primarily in Australia.
Bioturbation : The mixing and turning of soil caused by organisms moving through the soil.[1]
Biofuel : Any fuel that is produced from recently living biomass, as opposed to fuels produced by slow geological processes such as fossil fuels. Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel are commonly produced from agricultural energy crops.
Biodynamic agriculture : A type of alternative agriculture which incorporates holistic ecological approaches and aspects of organic and integrated farming but also emphasizes various esoteric perspectives, including spiritual and mystical beliefs about nature. The efficacy of biodynamic agricultural techniques lacks scientific evidence, and the practice has been labeled a pseudoscience.
Assarting : The act of clearing forested land in order to prepare it for agriculture or other purposes.
Artificial selection :
The process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively control the development of particular phenotypic traits in organisms by choosing which individual organisms will reproduce and create offspring. Artificial selection involves the deliberate exploitation of knowledge about genetics and reproductive biology in the hope of producing desirable characteristics in descendant organisms. It is widely practiced in agriculture, but it may also be unintentional and may produce unintended results.
Aquaculture :
The cultivation of aquatic organisms, either freshwater or saltwater, including fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, and others, with the goal of producing any of a variety of products that can be used by humans. Branches of aquaculture include pisciculture, algaculture, and mariculture.
Apiculture :
The maintenance of colonies of bees, commonly in man-made beehives, by humans for any of a variety of purposes, including collecting honey or other products created by bees, pollinating crops, and breeding bees for sale. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary and a person who practices apiculture is called an apiarist or beekeeper.
Animal-free agriculture :
Any agricultural practice or farming method that does not make use of animals or animal products, such as farmed animal manures. Animal-free agriculture may use organic or non-organic techniques.
Algaculture : A specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of algae, with the goal of producing any of a variety of products that can be used by humans, including food ingredients, fertilizers, colorants and dyes, pharmaceuticals, and chemical feedstock.
Agronomy : The science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and land restoration.
Agrology : The branch of soil science concerning the production of crop plants. The term is often used interchangeably with agronomy, agricultural science, and agricultural soil science.
Agroforestry : The intentional combination of knowledge and practices of agriculture and forestry, resulting in a system of land use in which forest trees or shrubs are grown around or among agricultural crops or pastureland, with the goal of enhancing the functionality and sustainability of a farming system. Agroforestry shares principles with intercropping but may involve complex ecological interactions between hundreds of species.
Agroecology : The study of ecology as it pertains to agriculture, particularly the application of knowledge about ecological processes to agricultural production systems.
Agrobiology : The study of plant nutrition and growth, especially as a means of increasing crop yield.
Agritourism : Any primarily agricultural operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch, either for direct-to-consumer sales (e.g. farm stands and “You-Pick” operations), education, hospitality, recreation, or entertainment.
Agriculture : The science and art of cultivating plants, animals, or other organisms in order to produce any of a variety of products that can be used by humans, most commonly food, fibers, fuels, and raw materials.
Agricultural productivity : A measure of the economic productivity of a given quantity of agricultural land (or any other agricultural input), typically expressed as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs. In modern agricultural industries, “output” is often quantified as the market value of the agricultural product at the end of the production chain (i.e. immediately prior to its purchase by a consumer).
Agricultural land : Any land devoted solely to agriculture, i.e. the deliberate and systematic reproduction of living organisms in order to produce commodities that can be used by humans. In the broadest sense, agricultural land may also include certain types of land which are used only partially or seasonally for agricultural purposes, such as pastures and wild forests. Colloquially, the term is often used interchangeably with farmland, cropland, and arable land, though these terms may also be considered technically distinct.
Agricultural engineering : A branch of engineering concerned with agricultural production and processing. It combines elements of mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and food science, among other disciplines.
Agricultural economics : A branch of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food, fiber, and other products of agriculture.
Agricultural cooperative :
Any association of farmers or agricultural businesses who voluntarily pool their resources in order to meet their common agricultural needs and goals by cooperating in a jointly owned enterprise. Agricultural cooperatives may be distinguished between “service” cooperatives, which provide inputs for agricultural production (seeds, fertilizers, fuels, etc.) or transportation and marketing services to members who run their farms individually, and “production” cooperatives, in which members run their farms jointly using shared land, machinery, or other resources; an example of the latter is collective farming.
Agribusiness : The business of agricultural production, including the entire range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern food and fiber production chains and those agents and institutions which influence them.
Agrarianism : A social or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society and the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker. Agrarianism argues in favor of farming as a way of life that can shape ideal social values.
Agrarian System: The dynamic set of economic and technological factors that affect agricultural practices in a particular region.
Writ of certiorari : An order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case which it will hear on appeal.
Writ : A written court order directing a person to take, or refrain from taking, a certain act.
Witness : A person called upon by either side in a lawsuit to give testimony before the court or jury.
Warrant : Court authorization, most often for law enforcement officers, to conduct a search or make an arrest.
Wage garnishment : A nonbankruptcy legal proceeding whereby a plaintiff or creditor seeks to subject to his or her claim the future wages of a debtor. In other words, the creditor seeks to have part of the debtor’s future wages paid to the creditor for a debt owed to the creditor.
Voluntary transfer : A transfer of a debtor’s property with the debtor’s consent.
Voir dire : Jury selection process of questioning prospective jurors, to ascertain their qualifications and determine any basis for challenge.
Verdict : The decision of a trial jury or a judge that determines the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant, or that determines the final outcome of a civil case.
Venue : The geographic area in which a court has jurisdiction. A change of venue is a change or transfer of a case from one judicial district to another.
Uphold : The appellate court agrees with the lower court decision and allows it to stand. See affirmed.
Unsecured claim : A claim or debt for which a creditor holds no special assurance of payment, such as a mortgage or lien; a debt for which credit was extended based solely upon the creditor’s assessment of the debtor’s future ability to pay.
Unscheduled debt : A debt that should have been listed by the debtor in the schedules filed with the court but was not. (Depending on the circumstances, an unscheduled debt may or may not be discharged.)
Unliquidated claim : A claim for which a specific value has not been determined.
Unlawful detainer action : A lawsuit brought by a landlord against a tenant to evict the tenant from rental property – usually for nonpayment of rent.
Undue hardship : The most widely used test for evaluating undue hardship in the dischargeability of a student loan includes three conditions: (1) the debtor cannot maintain – based on current income and expenses – a minimal standard of living if forced to repay the loans; (2) there are indications that the state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and (3) the debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans.
Undersecured claim : A debt secured by property that is worth less than the amount of the debt.
U.S. trustee : An officer of the U.S. Department of Justice responsible for supervising the administration of bankruptcy cases, estates, and trustees; monitoring plans and disclosure statements; monitoring creditors’ committees; monitoring fee applications; and performing other statutory duties.
U.S. attorney : A lawyer appointed by the President in each judicial district to prosecute and defend cases for the federal government. The U.S. Attorney employs a staff of Assistant U.S. Attorneys who appear as the government’s attorneys in individual cases.
Typing service : A business not authorized to practice law that prepares bankruptcy petitions.
Trustee : The representative of the bankruptcy estate who exercises statutory powers, principally for the benefit of the unsecured creditors, under the general supervision of the court and the direct supervision of the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator. The trustee is a private individual or corporation appointed in all chapter 7, chapter 12, and chapter 13 cases and some chapter 11 cases. The trustee’s responsibilities include reviewing the debtor’s petition and schedules and bringing actions against creditors or the debtor to recover property of the bankruptcy estate. In chapter 7, the trustee liquidates property of the estate, and makes distributions to creditors. Trustees in chapter 12 and 13 have similar duties to a chapter 7 trustee and the additional responsibilities of overseeing the debtor’s plan, receiving payments from debtors, and disbursing plan payments to creditors.
Transfer : Any mode or means by which a debtor disposes of or parts with his/her property.
Transcript : A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial, or during some other formal conversation, such as a hearing or oral deposition
Toll : See statute of limitations.
Testimony : Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
Temporary restraining order : Akin to a preliminary injunction, it is a judge’s short-term order forbidding certain actions until a full hearing can be conducted. Often referred to as a TRO.
Subpoena duces tecum : A command to a witness to appear and produce documents.
Subpoena : A command, issued under a court’s authority, to a witness to appear and give testimony.
Sua sponte : Latin, meaning “of its own will.” Often refers to a court taking an action in a case without being asked to do so by either side.
Statute of limitations : The time within which a lawsuit must be filed or a criminal prosecution begun. The deadline can vary, depending on the type of civil case or the crime charged.
Statute : A law passed by a legislature.
Statement of intention : A declaration made by a chapter 7 debtor concerning plans for dealing with consumer debts that are secured by property of the estate.
Statement of financial affairs : A series of questions the debtor must answer in writing concerning sources of income, transfers of property, lawsuits by creditors, etc. (There is an official form a debtor must use.)