anticline : A geological fold that has an arch-like convex shape and its oldest beds near its center, often visible at the Earth’s surface in exposed rock strata.
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anticline : A geological fold that has an arch-like convex shape and its oldest beds near its center, often visible at the Earth’s surface in exposed rock strata.
anthropization : The conversion of open spaces, landscapes, and natural environments by human action.
Antarctic Circle : The southernmost of the Earth’s two polar circles of latitude, south of which the sun appears above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year (and is therefore visible at midnight) and also appears at least partially below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year (and is therefore not visible at noon). Its latitude is approximately 66°33′47.1″ south of the Equator. Contrast Arctic Circle.
Antarctic : The region of the Earth that is south of the Antarctic Circle.
altitude : The height of an object in the atmosphere above sea level. Compare elevation
alpine : Characteristic of or resembling the European Alps, or any other high-elevation mountain range or mountainous environment (especially one deeply modified by glacial erosion so as to contain characteristic landforms such as cirques, horns, etc.), in topography, climate, or ecological communities.
alluvium : Clay, silt, gravel, or similar detrital material deposited by running water
alluvial soils : Soils deposited through the action of moving water. These soils lack horizons and are usually highly fertile.
alluvial plain : A wide, flat, gently sloping plain created by the long-term deposition of alluvium from one or more rivers flowing from highland regions, and typically characterized by various fluvial landforms such as braided streams, terraces, and meanders. Alluvial plains encompass the larger area over which a river’s floodplain has shifted through geological time.
alluvial fan : A distinctly triangular, fan-shaped deposit of sediment transported by water, often referred to as alluvium. Alluvial fans usually form at the base of mountains, where high-velocity rivers or streams meet a relatively flat area and lose the energy needed to carry large quantities of sediment, which ultimately spreads out in all available directions. They tend to be larger and more obvious in arid regions.
agricultural geography : A sub-discipline of geography which studies the spatial relationships between humans and agriculture and the cultural, political, and environmental processes that lead to parts of the Earth’s surface being transformed by humans through primary sector activities into agricultural landscapes.
affluent : See tributary.
active volcano : A volcano that is currently erupting, or one that has erupted within the last 10,000 years (the Holocene) or during recorded history
accessibility resource : A naturally emergent landscape form that eases communication between areas.
accessibility : A locational characteristic that permits a place to be reached by the efforts of those at other places
absolute location : The particular location of a point on Earth’s surface that can be expressed by a grid reference such as latitude and longitude.
wind : The flow of gases on a large scale.
white body : A hypothetical idealized physical body that reflects all incident electromagnetic radiation completely and uniformly in all directions; the opposite of a black body.
wheel and axle : A wheel attached to an axle in such a way that the two parts rotate together and transfer forces between them; one of six classical simple machines.
wedge: A triangular round tool in the form of a compound and portable inclined plane; one of six classical simple machines.
weak interaction:
One of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with the strong nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravitation. It is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic particles and initiates the process known as hydrogen fusion in stars.
wavelength : A measure of the distance traversed by a single spatial period of a sinusoidal wave, i.e. the distance over which the wave’s shape repeats.
wave: A disturbance or oscillation that travels through spacetime accompanied by a transfer of energy.
watt (W): A derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI) defined as one joule per second. The watt measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.
voltmeter: An instrument used for measuring the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit.
volt (V): The SI derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force, defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those two points.
visible light : A form of electromagnetic radiation generally defined as the range of wavelengths visible to the average human eye.
velocity ( v ) : A vector quantity defined as the rate of change of the position of an object with respect to a given frame of reference. Velocity specifies both an object’s speed and direction of motion (e.g. 60 kilometres per hour to the north).
vector space : A mathematical structure formed by a collection of elements called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied (“scaled”) by numbers called scalars.
vector : Any quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
valence shell: The outermost electron shell of an atom.
valence electron : An electron that is associated with an atom and can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.
vacuum : An area of space which contains no matter.
utility frequency : The frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
uncertainty principle : Any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position x and momentum p, cannot be known simultaneously.
triple point : The temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of a given substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
trigonometry : A branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides.
toughness : The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Material toughness is defined as the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed.
torque:
The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object.