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Kufic script: angular, square type of Arabic script (the more flowing script is NASHKI); sometimes found in decorative Romanesque and Gothic art.
Krater: ancient Greek storage vessel; different shapes were used for water and wine.
Kouros: Archaic Greek statue of standing youth (pl. kouroi).
Kitsch: mass-produced vulgar craftwork articles of the kind manufactured for souvenirs; the word has now become a pejorative term for whatever is thought to be in flamboyant bad taste.
Kinetic art: most commonly sculptures (eg. mobiles, stabiles) designed to move and thus produce optical effects; first made in the 1920s, but most popular from 1950 onwards.
Key design: geometrical pattern of repeated horizontal and vertical straight lines, found in ancient Greek and Celtic art.
Kaolin: also known as China clay; used in the manufacture of hand-paste porcelain and sometimes in the GROUNDS of paintings. Chemically it is hydrated silicate of aluminium.
Junk Art: A sub-species of “found art”, typically sculpture or assemblage, sometimes also called “funk art” or “trash art”.
Jewellery Art: decorative art typically crafted from precious metal (gold, silver, platinum etc.) and gemstones like diamonds, sapphires, rubies, pearls and the like.
Jasper Ware: type of stoneware pottery introduced by Josiah Wedgewood in 1774. Originally pure white but sometimes stained with cobalt oxide to produce “Wedgewood blue”.
Japonism: the craze for Japonaiserie – Japanese imports e.g. prints and furniture, brought to Europe in the mid 19th century – and its effect on European painting and decorative art.
Japanese Art: Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-e painting, Buddhist Temple art and Zen ink-painting.
Jade Carving: sculpture of extremely hard stone, which may be blue, green, white, or brown; highly prized in Chinese art.
Ivory Carving: Form of sculpture made using animal tusks and teeth, notably from elephants, whales and walruses.
Italian Primitives: artists and their works in Italy prior to 1400.
Italianate style: in an Italian manner. Also: in architecture, the adaptation of Italian Renaissance palace styles, especially so in America c.1840-65.
Islamic Art: Includes architecture, pottery, faience mosaics, lustre-ware, relief sculpture, drawing, painting, calligraphy, manuscript illumination, textile design, metalwork, gemstone carving, and other crafts.
Irish School: For details, see: Irish Painting and Irish Sculpture.
Intonaco: the smooth layer of lime plaster that receives the paint in fresco painting.
International Gothic: since the 19th century, used to describe the style of art prevalent from c.1375 to 1425, balanced midway between naturalistic and idealistic values and characterized by delicate and rich colouring.
Interiors: a style of genre-painting perfected by Dutch Realists of the later 17th century; later taken up by Danish artists like Peter Vilhelm Ilsted (1861-33) and Vilhelm Hammershoi (1864-1916).
Intarsia: the decoration of wood with inlay work, especially in 15th-century Italy.
India Ink: In fine art, a drawing ink made from a black pigment consisting of lampblack and glue.
Illusionism: The use of optical and perspectival principles to create the illusion of painted objects being three dimensional; hence illusionist, illusionistic.
Illumination: The decoration of manuscript texts which may have started from the simple addition of minium to the script, the general part being written in black. From this grew quite extraordinary elaboration, fantastic interwoven strap patterns, decorative motifes, zoomorphic imagery, plant forms. miniature portraits of religious figures. It was one of the most important arts of the Middle Ages. Wherever there were monasteries the art seems to have been practised. The monastic scribe worked about six hours a day. After he had finished the work was proof-read. Then the sheets went to a rubricator who put in titles and headlines, then to the illuminator. The last worked miracles of miniature presentation with the materials at his command. The oldest known illumination is an Egyptian papyrus, the ‘Book of the Dead’. The Greeks and Romans produced some work, but very little survives. The Byzantine manuscripts contain some perfect examples. Fourteenth-century Persian editions of the Koran, exquisite delicate designs. Among the famed European manuscripts are the ‘Book of Hours’ of the Duc de Berry produced by the Limbourg brothers (1410-13), and ‘The Book of Kells’, 8th century, now in Trinity College Library, Dublin. The manuscripts were worked on vellum, using not only colours, but also gold-leaf and other metals, tiny fragments of precious and semi-precious stones and raising paste.
Ideal art: Painting of various periods that is based on the artist’s conception rather than visual perception, e.g. the art of the High Renaissance, or of 17th-century classicism.
Icons (Icon Painting) (Greek, “image”, “portrait”): in Byzantine, Greek and Russian Orthodox church art, the representation of Christ or the Virgin, or saints, in mosaic or painting; tending to be stereotyped or hieratic; hence iconic.
History of Art Timeline: Chronological list of dates about the evolution of painting, sculpture and pottery.
How to Appreciate Paintings: Explains how to analyse painterly skills and narrative content.
History Painting: painting whose subject is some significant historical event, preferably Classical, mythological, actual or literary. From the 16th century to the 19th, history painting was more highly esteemed than other forms of painting, especially by the academies.
History of Art: Guide to the origins, evolution and development of the fine and visual arts.
Historiated: architecture or sculpture decorated with narrative subjects. A historiated initial is an initial in an illuminated mansuscript containing a narrative scene.
Hieratic: style in which certain fixed types, often sacred, are repeated, e.g. in Egyptian or Byzantine art. It may also be applied to any art that uses severe, rigid figures rather than naturalistic ones.
Hieroglyphs: pictorial form of writing, as used by the Egyptians.
Happenings: Type of Performance art. Spontaneous artistic event or display.
Haut-relief (Alto-rilievo, high relief) :Form of sculptural relief characterized by a prominent projection from the surrounding surface.
Hatching: drawing technique that uses closely spaced parallel lines to indicate toned areas. When crossed by other lines in the opposite direction it is known as cross-hatching.
Hallstatt: The first identifiable continental culture and art-style of the Celts (c.600-450 BCE). Followed by La Tene Celtic culture.
Greek vases: range of pots of different sizes, used for different purposes, most of which were often decorated if not painted. The two main styles were black-figure and red-figure techniques.
Grisaille : technique of monochrome painting in shades of gray, used as under painting or to imitate the effect of relief.
Hallstatt: The first identifiable continental culture and art-style of the Celts (c.600-450 BCE). Followed by La Tene Celtic culture.
Ground: layer of preparation on a support to receive paint. Also: in etching, the acid-resistant material spread over the metal plate before the design is etched. Also: in pottery, the clay forming the body of a vessel on which a design is executed.
Grattage (“scraping”): Technique used bv 20th-century artists, like Max Ernst (1891-1976), in which an upper layer of paint is partially scraped away to reveal the contrasting under-layer.
Graphic design: Derived from the German word graphik. Describes the applied art of formulating/arranging image/text to communicate a message. It can be applied in any media, such as print, digital media, animation, packaging, and signs. See also: Graphic Art.
Grand Tour: A cultural trip around Europe, taking in the painting, sculpture and architecture of Paris, Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, Vienna and other important centres of classical, Renaissance and Baroque art.
Graffiti Art: a contemporary artform which first appeared in Philadelphia and New York during the late 1960s/early1970s.
Giclee Prints : Fine art printing process using inkjet printers.
Goldsmithing (Goldsmithery): The applied art or craft of metalworking in gold and silver.
Giornata: the area of work in mural or mosaic that could be finished in one day. In fresco painting, it refers to the area of intonaco applied each day. In true fresco, the joins of the giornate are usually visible.
Glaze: transparent layer of paint applied over another; light passes through and is reflected back, modifying or intensifying the underlayer. Also: vitreous layer made from silica, applied to pottery as decoration or to make it water-tight.
Gestural painting: a term that originally came into use to describe the painting of the abstract Expressionist artists Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Hans Hofmann and others. What they had in common was the application of paint in free sweeping gestures with the brush.